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Nowadays, Romeo and Juliet is also often adapted in various Japanese films and TV dramas as a tragic story of modern young lovers separated by some uncontrollable force such as war, discrimination or disease.įurthermore, in the process of extending Shakespearean works to mass public audiences and domestic theatre through translation, the contribution of translations to critical engagement is also worth mentioning. A number of novelists have adopted the troubled heart of Hamlet as their own, and Hamlet's philosophical questions are well known as a significant and real issue for many people. As a result of this popularization, Shakespeare's stories and characters have become very appealing to Japanese people. Since Tsubouchi's translations, Shakespeare has been naturalized with translations into modern Japanese and further disseminated through stage productions. Perhaps because of this, Tubouchi's translations, similarly to the dialogue in Kabuki were written in the older forms of Japanese, a form which was archaic even in those days. It is noteworthy that his purpose in translating Shakespeare was not only to popularize the plays, but also to enrich and innovate the quality of Kabuki. Tsubouchi completed the translation of the entire Shakespeare canon in 1928 for the first time in Japan. Tsubouchi Shoyo, a professor at Waseda University and a pioneer in the study of Shakespeare, was profoundly conscious of these problems. Most Japanese translations of Shakespeare are faithful to the original, but it is almost impossible to re-create his blank verse in Japanese, and various adaptations may be needed to suit different cultures.

However, a fundamental question is necessarily raised: can Shakespeare be understood in Japanese, and not in the original English? The answer may be both yes and no.

In Japan, there have been countless publications and performances of Shakespeare's plays in the Japanese language, and Shakespearean films attract large audiences all of which would not be so popular without the process of translation. Translations of Shakespeare in ever-increasing numbers have formed a large part of the popularization of the plays in non-English speaking countries.